Chola Bronzes, Sculpture de l'Inde

RELIGIOUS TEXTS TEXTES RELIGIEUX

The earliest writing is in the form of Rig Vedic poetry in Sanskrit. The Rigveda consists of 1028 suktas or hymns which are distributed in ten books called mandalas . The Samaveda consists of hymns taken from the Rig Veda for the purposes of devotional singing during sacrifices. The Yajurveda and the Atharvaveda are the texts of the post-Rig Vedic times. The Yajurveda contains hymns and rituals that reflect the social and political milieu of the times. The Atharvaveda contains charms and spells to ward of evil spirits and diseases. La plus ancienne est �crit sous forme de Rig po�sie en sanskrit v�dique. Le Rig-Veda se compose de 1028 suktas ou hymnes qui sont distribu�s dans les dix livres appel�s mandalas. Samaveda compose de chants tir�s du Rig Veda aux fins de la d�votion � chanter pendant des sacrifices. Le Yajurveda et l'Atharvaveda sont les textes de l'apr�s-guerre Rig Vedic fois. Le Yajurveda contient les hymnes et les rites, qui refl�tent le milieu politique et social de l'�poque. La Atharvaveda contient charmes et sorts pour conjurer les mauvais esprits et les maladies. Each of these Vedas is again divided into four parts - Samhitas (the principal text containing the mantras), Brahmanas (their application to religious rituals), Aranyakas (portions meant for deep meditation and for those living in forests) and lastly the Upanishads . Chacun de ces Vedas est � nouveau divis� en quatre parties - Samhitas (le principal texte contenant les Mantras), les brahmanes (leur application � des rites religieux), Aranyakas (parties destin�es � la m�ditation profonde et pour ceux qui vivent dans les for�ts) et enfin les Upanishads. The Upanishads form the concluding part of the Vedic literature and are referred to as the Vedanta , the quintessence of Vedic thought, vision and wisdom. Les Upanishads forment la derni�re partie de la litt�rature v�dique et sont d�sign�es par le Vedanta, la quintessence de la pens�e v�dique, de la vision et la sagesse. They are also called Veda Sirsha , the top-ranking text in the Vedic lore. The Muktika Upanishad lists 108 Upanishads, of which Adi Sankara commented on eleven -- Isha, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandukva, Taittiriva, Aitereya, Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka and Narisimhapurvatapini . Ils sont aussi appel�s Veda Sirsha, les hauts texte dans la tradition v�dique. Muktika Upanishad listes 108 Upanishads, dont Adi Sankara comment� sur onze -- Isha, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandukva, Taittiriva, Aitereya, Chandogya , Brihadaranyaka et Narisimhapurvatapini.

The next great texts in Sanskrit were the two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata composed by Valmiki and Vyasa respectively. The Puranas , which are dated later than the two great Epics, are the epic legends comprising of five main topics: sarga (creation), pratisarga (dissolution and recreation), vamsa (divine genealogies), manvantara (ages of Manu) and vamsanucarita (dynastic history). La prochaine grande textes en sanskrit sont les deux grandes �pop�es, le Ramayana et du Mahabharata Valmiki et compos� par Vyasa, respectivement. L'Islam, qui datent de plus tard que les deux grandes �pop�es, les l�gendes �piques compos� de cinq th�mes principaux: sarga (cr�ation ), Pratisarga (dissolution et de loisirs), vamsa (g�n�alogies divines), manvantara (�ges de Manu) et vamsanucarita (histoire dynastique). The five additional topics are vrtii (means of livelihood), raksa (incarnation of gods), mukti (final emancipation), hetu (living beings) and apsaraya (Brahman). The Puranas are 18 in number viz., Brahma, Padma, Visnu, Vayu, Bhagavata, Naradiya, Markandeya, Agni, Bhavisya, Brahma-vaivarta, Varaha, Linga, Skanda, Vamana, Kurma, Matsya, Garuda and the Brahmanda Puranas . There are also 18 Upapuranas: Sanatkumara, Narasimha, Nanda, Sivadharma, Durvasas, Naradiya, Kapila, Vamana, Usanas, Manava, Varuna, Kali, Maheswara, Samba, Saura, Parasara, Marica and the Bhargava Puranas. Les cinq th�mes suppl�mentaires sont vrtii (moyens d'existence), raksa (incarnation des dieux), mukti (finale �mancipation), hetu (les �tres vivants) et apsaraya (Brahman). Les Puranas sont 18 en nombre savoir., Brahma, Padma, Visnu , Vayu, Bhagavata, Naradiya, Markandeya, Agni, Bhavisya, Brahma - vaivarta, Varaha, Linga, Skanda, Vamana, Kurma, Matsya, Garuda et le Brahmanda Puranas. Il ya aussi 18 Upapuranas: Sanatkumara, Narasimha, Nanda, Sivadharma, Durvasas , Naradiya, Kapila, Vamana, Usanas, Manava, Varuna, Kali, Maheswara, Samba, Saura, Parasara, Marica et le Puranas Bhargava.

The Manu Smriti (or Barghu Samhita ), belonging to 1 ^st century BC, is the best illustrator of the Dharma-sastras or Smritis or the Hindu religious laws. Le Manu Smriti (ou Barghu Samhita), appartenant au ¹ er si�cle avant J.-C., est la meilleure illustration de la Dharma - sastras ou Smritis ou les lois religieuses hindoues. It consists of twelve chapters, five of which are devoted to rules of conduct for persons belonging to different varnas and asramas . Elle consiste en douze chapitres, dont cinq sont consacr�es � des r�gles de conduite pour les personnes appartenant � diff�rents varnas et asramas. The other important Smritis include Yajnavalkya Smriti (4-5 century AD), Katyayana Smriti-saroddhara , Brahaspati Smriti and the Narada Smriti . L'autre importante Smritis inclure Yajnavalkya Smriti (4-5 si�cle), de Katyayana Smriti - saroddhara, Brahaspati Smriti et de la Smriti Narada. Hemadri's Chaturvarga-cintamani can be described as a 'digest of law' since it deals with various topics of religious significance. Hemadri's Chaturvarga - cintamani peut �tre d�crit comme un "condens� de la loi" car il traite de divers sujets d'importance religieuse.

The next important group of religious texts in Sanskrit are the Agama Sastras or the Tantric texts which are subdivided into three categories: the Agamas , the Samhitas and the Tantras , which relates to the Saiva, the Vaisnava and the Sakta sects respectively. Le prochain groupe important de textes religieux en sanskrit sont les Agama Sastras ou les textes tantriques, qui sont subdivis�s en trois cat�gories: les Agamas, le Samhitas et les Tantras, qui a trait � la Saiva, le Vaisnava et le Sakta sectes respectivement.

Stotra literature is also an important form of ancient Sanskrit literature. Stotra litt�rature est �galement une forme importante de la litt�rature antique sanskrit. It consists of hymns addressed to Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Surya and Ganapati . Examples include, Bana's Chandi-sataka , Mayura's Surya-sataka , Shankaracharya's Ananda-lahari, Saundarya-lahari and Carpata-panjari , Muka's Pancasati , Pushpadanta's Sivamahimmah-stotra , Anardavardhana's Devi-sataka , Bhatta Naryanan's Stava-cintamani and Kulasekhara's Mukunda-mala . Il se compose d'hymnes adress�e � Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Surya et Ganapati. Par exemple, Bana's Chandi - sataka, Mayura's Surya - sataka, Shankaracharya's Ananda - lahari, Saundarya - lahari et Carpata - panjari, Muka's Pancasati, Pushpadanta's Sivamahimmah - stotra, Anardavardhana's Devi - sataka, Bhatta Naryanan's Stava - cintamani et Kulasekhara's Mukunda - Mauvaise.

Among the Jains, the earliest work in Sanskrit devoted to religious writing is Umasvamin's Tattvarthadhigama-Sutra, which epitomises the whole Jaina creed in about 375 sutras arranged in ten chapters. There are many commentaries written on this work in Sanskrit, which includes Pujyapada's Sarvartha-siddhi-vrtti (6 ^th century), Akalanka's Tattvartha-raja-varttika (8 ^th century) and Vidyanandin's Tattvartha-sloka-varttika (9 ^th century). The other important Jain texts in Sanskrit are Subhachandra's Jnanarvana and Hemachandra's Yogasastra , Ravisena's Padmacharita (7 ^th century), Jinasena's Harivamsa Purana (8 ^th century) and Mahapurana of Jinasena and Gunabhadra (9 ^th century). Harisena's Katha kosa (10 ^th century) is the best example of Jain short stories in Sanskrit. Parmi les Ja�ns, les premiers travaux en sanskrit religieuse consacr�e � l'�criture est Umasvamin's Tattvarthadhigama - Sutra, qui incarne l'ensemble Jaina croyance dans environ 375 soutras organis� en dix chapitres. Il existe de nombreux commentaires �crits sur ce travail en sanscrit, qui comprend Pujyapada's Sarvartha - Siddhi - vrtti ⁽⁶ e si�cle), Akalanka's Tattvartha - raja - varttika ⁽⁸ e si�cle) et Vidyanandin's Tattvartha - sloka - varttika ⁽⁹ e si�cle). Les autres textes importants Jain en sanskrit sont Subhachandra's Jnanarvana et Hemachandra's Yogasastra, Ravisena's Padmacharita ( ⁷ e si�cle), Jinasena's Harivamsa Purana ⁽⁸ e si�cle) et Mahapurana de Jinasena et Gunabhadra ⁽⁹ e si�cle). Harisena's Katha kosa ⁽¹⁰ �me si�cle) est le meilleur exemple de Jain histoires courtes en sanskrit. Hymns and Jain lyrical poetry is best depicted by Bhaktambara-stotra of Manatunga, Kalyana-mandira-stotra of Vadiraja, Visapahara-stotra of Dhananjaya and Jina-chaturvimsatika of Bhupala. Hymnes et Jain po�sie est le mieux illustr�e par Bhaktambara - stotra de Manatunga, Kalyana - mandira - stotra de Vadiraja, Visapahara - stotra de Dhananjaya et Jina - chaturvimsatika de Bhupala.

Among the Buddhist texts, the Mahavastu is one of the most important works belonging to the Hinayana School. It is an encyclopaedia of Buddhist legends and doctrines. Parmi les textes bouddhistes, les Mahavastu est l'une des plus importantes �uvres appartenant � l'�cole Hinayana. Il s'agit d'une encyclop�die de l�gendes et doctrines bouddhiques. The Buddhist texts in Sanskrit were enriched by great writers like Asvaghosa, Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dinnaga, Vasumitra, Dharmapala, Dharmakirti, Santideva and Santaraksita. The Buddhacharita and Saundarananda are the two masterpieces of Asvaghosa. The Sariputra-prakarma , a drama in nine acts, is the oldest dramatic work extant in Sanskrit literature. Les textes bouddhistes en sanskrit ont �t� enrichies par de grands �crivains comme Asvaghosa, Nagarjuna, Aryad�va, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dinnaga, Vasumitra, Dharmapala, Dharmakirti, Santideva et Santaraksita. Buddhacharita et Saundarananda sont les deux chefs-d'oeuvre du Asvaghosa. Sariputra - prakarma, un Drame en neuf actes, est la plus ancienne dramatique existantes dans la litt�rature en sanskrit. The other great Buddhist texts in Sanskrit are Nagarjuna's Madhyamika-karika and Mahdyamika-sastra , Aryadeva's Catuhsataka , Asanga's Yogacara-bhumi-sastra , Vasubandhu's Vimsika and Trimsika , Dinnaga's Nyayapravesa , Dharmakriti's Nyayabindu , Shantideva's Siksa-sammucchaya and Santaraksita's Tattva-sangraha . Les autres grands textes bouddhistes en sanskrit sont Nagarjuna's Madhyamika - karika et Mahdyamika - sastra, Aryad�va's Catuhsataka, Asanga's Yogacara-bhumi bhumi - sastra, Vasubandhu's Vimsika et Trimsika, Dinnaga's Nyayapravesa, Dharmakriti's Nyayabindu, Shantid�va's Siksa - sammucchaya et Santaraksita's Tattva - sangraha.